The Design Criteria for the Model Development of the New-hanok Type Public buildings : Focused on Expert Opinion Surveys
© Copyright Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment
Abstract
According to the characteristic of hanok public building, Planning criterion of structure, technology, efficiency, design is needed which can includes various type of new-hanok type public buildings. In this paper, we collect expert opinions to be used as a basis for developing models of New-hanok type Public Buildings.
This study was conducted in Research Study and expert surveys. The Part of reviewing Study looked at conception of new-hanok type public buildings model development and overview planning criterion set briefly. Expert surveys were targeted to professors and architects who are related in new-hanok type public buildings model development research.
In this study, we suggest improvement direction about planning criterion of new-hanok type public buildings model development based on opinions collected by expert surveys. In conclusion, first, In concept and legal status, it is necessary to adjust clearly than the term and legal status of new-hanok type. Second, various applicability is needed by using new materials and new construction method at the part of planning elements. Third, ‘composed structureconvergence type’ and ‘composed structure-juxtaposed type’ should be clearly classified or combined at the part of Setting of type. Forth, improvement on heat insulation, soundproof, waterproof efficiency is demanded to roof, wall, window systems. Fifth, arranging revitalization plan is important.
Keywords:
New-Hanok Type, Public Building, Design Criteria, Expert Opinion Surveys키워드:
신한옥형, 공공건축물, 계획기준, 전문가 의견조사1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose
As Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism announced ‘The Second Stage of the Government Administration, Direction to Cultural Prosperity and Promotion Plan’(August 18th, 2015), it set ‘Re-discovery of Traditional Culture and Creation of New Values’ as core policy and declared that it would re-discover the scientific characteristics and healthiness of Hanok and promote its modernization as part of the implementation plans. Since 2000, the government has implemented Distribution and Expansion of Hanok and Hanok Research and Development Project1) as part of Hanok Cultural Prosperity Project2). Of the implementation plans of Hanok Research and Development, the introduction and support of Hanok-typed public building has been active and important in making the excellence of Hanok known widely and enhance the integrity and value of Korean public buildings. Such effort has been paid off. Because a public building is used by many users, Hanok-typed public building needs to be built, reflecting public convenience and various functions to maximize the popularization and image enhancement of Hanok.
Unfortunately, the concept of, suitable subject and criteria for Hanok public building are not clearly defined and developed though various forms of Hanok public buildings are being provided at the level of the government, so that the government faces obvious barriers to systematic support and management. Therefore, it is urgent to set practical design criteria for Hanok public building so as to manage comprehensive aspects of it such as structure, technique and technology, material, performance, and design while succeeding to the tradition of traditional Hanok.
In this respect, the present study conducted an expert opinion survey to verify and derive the key considerations of design criteria and will use them as the basic data for developing new-Hanok type public building model.
1.2. Method
This study mainly consists of literature review3) for model development and expert opinion survey. In reviewing precedent studies, focus was placed on concept development and design criteria of new-Hanok type public building. A questionnaire-based expert opinion survey was carried out with professors, researchers and model developers that have done a research related to model development of new-Hanok type public building or worked with such model before.
2. Literature Review Related to the Development of New-Hanok Type Public Building Model
In this section, the summary is given of key researches regarding ‘the development of new-Hanok type public building model’, which was given to help the experts understand the questions in the survey. This study looked into the concept and common design factors of new-Hanok type public building in an effort to understand the direction to setting design criteria for the development of new-Hanok type public building model; to test the applicability of the DNAs of Korea traditional architecture derived for architectural design elements, and configuration technologies (tentative)4) and system (tentative)5); and find improvements.
2.1. Design Concept of New-Hanok Type Architecture6)
Based on the structure, functions, esthetic beauty of traditional Hanok, the design concept of ‘new-Hanok type architecture’ is to modify, reconstruct and create the design elements derived from each of ‘DNAs’ of Korean traditional architecture, ‘research outcome’of Hanok Research and Development (1 phase), and future-oriented ‘modern architecture’ under new architectural environments.
This concept is to form an aggregate of the structure, functions, traditional beauty of Hanok as basic orientation, various spaces to be created through variable spatial design, and internal/external domains including transitional space. Therefore, the design concept of new-Hanok type architecture should have potential value and significance as a tool to popularize Hanok and make Korean architectural technique and architectural culture known to the world, based on the structure, functions, esthetic beauty of traditional Hanok.
2.2. Design Concept of New-Hanok Type Public Building(plan)7)
‘New-Hanok type public building’ conceptually designed on the basis of the current legal system and precedent studies consists of wooden structure type (column, beam and key structure sections); composite structure -convergence type (ferroconcrete structure, steel structure) with modern structure to create various spaces through flexible spatial plans; building and its annexes, and Korean-style open buildings, architectural structures, and outdoor pace that reflect traditional elements and futuristic design elements that succeed to, develop and creatively reinterpret the characteristics of traditional Hanok.
Especially, ‘new-Hanok type public building’ should hold value and play a role as pubic facility to enhance local residents ' welfare, cultural benefits, communication and exchange because it is space closely related to their daily lives.
2.3. Setting Legal Status of New-Hanok Type Public Building(tentative)8)
To establish the legal status of ‘new-Hanok type public building’, 「Hanok, Etc, Architectural Assets Promotion Act」9) was reviewed. According to the Act, ‘Hanok’ is categorized as ‘building’ in architectural asset while ‘Hanok architectural style’ includes both ‘building’ and ‘spatial environment’. They are defined too broadly and ambiguous.
When ‘Hanok architectural style’, which is present in this society in various forms, is categorized, it can mainly be classified into 4 main formats: new-Hanok type public building10), new Hanok 11), modern Hanok 12), and ferroconcrete building built in the style of wooden Hanok13). The legal status of new-Hanok type public building set in this study is different from ‘new Hanok’, included in ‘Hanok architecture style’ defined in ‘Hanok, Etc, Architectural Assets Promotion Act’, excluding ferroconcrete building built in the style of wooden Hanok.
2.4. Basic Direction to the Development of New-Hanok Type Public Building Model14)
The basic direction to the development of New-Hanok type public building model is to succeed to the merits of traditional Hanok architecture and improve them to modern architectural environment. Therefore, new-Hanok type public building proposed in this study seeks to be a building of high potentiality and value, being organically flexible to sustainable dwelling environment of past, present and future, actively respond to the various needs of users for living, and create new demands.
2.5. Extraction of Design Elements for New-Hanok Type Public Building(tentative)
The design elements for ‘new-Hanok type public building’ were derived separatedly for the DNAs of traditional architecture and modern architectural technique.
Based on the original principles of Korean architecture, the DNAs of traditional architecture were divided into structure, functions, and esthetic beauty15) through vertical(form) and horizontal (space) analysis frame. The elements of modern architectural techniques to introduce to new-Hanok type public building were divided into structure, functions, and esthetic beauty for design elements through the survey on Hanok completed after 2000.
Particularly, for the applicability of the design elements that were derived from the DNAs of traditional architecture and modern architectural techniques to ‘new-Hanok type public building’, they were reviewed for ‘tradition+modern’ in structural aspect, ‘tradition< modern’ in functional aspect, and ‘tradition>modern’ in esthetic aspect16).
2.6. Typology of New-Hanok Type Public Building by Structure (tentative)
‘New-Hanok type public building’ can be divided into 3 categories by structure: ‘wooden structure type’, ‘composite structure-convergence type’ and ‘composite structure-juxtaposed type’ and each of these 3 types can be sub-divided into 2 types: ① traditional Korean wooden structure type ②composite wooden structure type’17) commonly maintaining traditional Hanok appearance and structure.
New Hanok-type public building in ‘Composite structureconvergence type’ is a building mainly constructed in wooden structure and modern structure is introduced to supplement the sections that can't be built only in wooden structure. It is divided into ‘①traditional Korean wooden structure + modern architectural structure와 ②composite wooden structure + modern architectural structure’.
New Hanok-type public building in ‘composite structurejuxtaposed type’ is a building where the elements of Hanok is minimized in application while giving an overall image of traditional Hanok to the building. It can break down into ‘①traditional Korean wooden structure + modern architectural structure type and ② composite wooden structure + modern architectural structure’.
2.7. Initiative System (tentative) of New-Hanok Type Public Building
Of the DNAs of Korea traditional architecture, 5 key functions (natural lighting system, natural convection system, flexible wall system, storage system, natural air-conditioning system ) were selected from functional (performance) perspective in setting the scope of configuration system including roof, wall, window, storage, facility (including others) system so as to work suitably for ever-changing architectural environment18).
In the configuration system of new-Hanok type public building, roof, wall, window, storage, facility and others, which were independent from each other before, can organically converge for spatial, functional and/or structural purpose, and play creative roles.
3. Expert Opinion Survey With Respect To the Development of New-Hanok Type Public Building Model
3.1. Summary of Expert Opinion Survey
This expert opinion survey was conducted to collect experts opinions from various fields with respect to setting the design criteria for the development of new-Hanok type public building model. The questionaries of the 1st expert opinion survey were distributed on July the 6th, 2015 and collected until July the 28th. The questionaries of the 2nd expert opinion survey were distributed on July the 30th, 2015 and collected until August the 13th. And the those of the 3rd expert opinion survey were distributed on September the 14th, 2015 and collected until October the 7th.
For the subjects for survey, 30 experts who well understand and experience research, theory and/or actual use in the development of new-Hanok type public building model were selected. The 1st survey consists of 8 theorists and 2 actual users and the 2nd survey consists of 5 theorists and 4 actual users. And the 3rd survey consists of 3 theorists and 8 actual users.
This study adopted qualitative method for opinion survey to obtain accurate and professional responses with open questionaries. The questionnaire was designed in self-administered style and distributed and collected via e-mail.
The results are of both data description and data analysis. Before the respondents answered to self-administered questionnaire questionnaires of open questions, the summary of the research was provided to them in an effort to help them understand the questions and secure more accurate responses as follows: A. the basic concept of new-Hanok type building (tentative); B. basic configuration of new-Hanok type public building (tentative); C. design elements extracted for new-Hanok type public building (tentative); and various structure types of new-Hanok type public building (examples). The questionnaire used for the expert opinion survey is outlined in Table 5.
3.2. Data Analysis of Expert Opinion Survey
The experts were surveyed upon the concept and legal status of new-Hanok type public building set in this study and each export was asked to express his/her opinion on 3 categories: ‘positive’, ‘positive but it needs improving’, or ‘negative’. Their responses are summarized in Table 6.
Most of the theorists and practitioners were positive with the need of establishing the concept and legal status of new-Hanok type public building. However, they commonly pointed out the urgency of legal system rearrangement with respect to vague use of such terms as‘Hanok’, ‘New Hanok’ and ‘new-Hanok type’.
Some of the respondents also pointed out that ‘space’ element needs adding to the design elements for new-Hanok type public building, along with structure, functions, and esthetic beauty, which had been derived from the DNAs of Korean traditional architecture and modern architectural techniques. And they thought that the division of the elements into structure, functions, and esthetic beauty are proper considering that this division is not fixed but flexible and variable depending on value of use and purpose, as explained in footnote 11.
Although they responded that it is necessary to consider expanding the application of wooden structure beyond the key structure sections, this opinion can be left for future review because this study set the scope of the application, aiming to develop the model of new-Hanok type public building, which is even new concept now, and the design criteria used to realize the model in current environment.
Especially, some experts expressed theoretical opinion that it is necessary to improve the current legal system to develop the model of new-Hanok type public building and commercialize it.
In the survey, both experts theoretical and practical opinions were asked on the design elements of ‘the DNAs of traditional architecture’ and ‘modern architectural techniques to introduce’ to developing new-Hanok type public building model. Table 7 shows the summary of the design elements that the expert selected by structure, functions, and esthetic beauty.
Among the DNAs of traditional architecture, post-and-lintel construction was most chosen as design element for structure to use. In functional aspect, natural ventilation and spatial variability were most mentioned and traditional details and transitional space were most selected for the esthetic beauty of new-Hanok type public building.
The experts answered that steel/RC/SRC structure, new materials, and new engineering techniques should be borrowed from ‘modern architectural techniques’ in structural aspect. In functional aspect, the elements related to performance and energy saving of ‘modern architectural techniques need to introduce to new-Hanok type public building. Traditional details of flexible space and lighting, and new materials were most recommended as design elements for esthetic beauty.
The experts were asked to opinion on the typology of new-Hanok type public building set in this study.
Table 8 is the summary of their opinions on 3 types (wooden structure type’, ‘composite structure-convergence type’, ‘composite structure-juxtaposed type’) of new-Hanok type public building defined in this study and considerations necessary in developing the model of new-Hanok type public building.
57% of the theorists and practitioners selected ‘composite structure-convergence type’ as the most suitable type for new-Hanok type public building while 30% recommended ‘composite structure-juxtaposed type’. Regarding the reasons for their selection, they explained that ‘composite structure-convergence type’ allows easy fusion of traditional and modern materials and creative interpretation of traditional Hanok. In addition, they mentioned that ‘composite structure-juxtaposed type’ has that merit of actively introducing modern architectural techniques as well as expressing Hanok symbolically. There are some respondents pointing out ambiguous distinction between ‘composite structure- convergence type’ and ‘composite structure-juxtaposed type’20), but they did not suggest a specific solution to it.
In the expert opinion survey, they were asked to express most important elements for the configuration system of new-Hanok type public building. Their opinions were made on 6 facility systems and other systems were separated from 5 configuration systems set in ‘2.6’ ( roof, wall, window, storage, facility (including others)) in an attempt to collect broader opinions (see Table 9).
For ‘roof system’, the experts said it needs ‘maintaining roof shape’, ‘lightweight roof and roof drying’, and ‘modern functions under roof (e.g. solar collector panel)’. They emphasized performance aspects for ‘wall system’ such as ‘thermal insulation and sound insulation’ and opinions the need to use modern technology-based finishing materials and to apply variable modular wall. For ‘window system’, they recommended to develop system window with high performance in durability, water-resisting qualities and water tightness unlike traditional window system, and adopt traditional window design, modularization and standardization of windows. In addition, they suggested active use of interior spaces such as ceiling and walls to create attic and closet for ‘storage’. They also stressed the need to build storage system of modern functions. For ‘facility system’, they emphasized it is necessary to apply high-tech systems such as flush mounting-typed facility, various lightings, air-conditioning and ventilation. Especially, thermal insulation, sound proofing and water-resistance performance are commonly asked to apply to both ‘roof system’, ‘wall system’ and ‘window system’. In ‘other systems’, the experts opinioned the need of using natural energy, and apply the geological elevation gap, proper yard arrangement, environment-friendly materials and no barrier space for characterizing Hanok.
In the expert opinion survey, the experts were asked to express their opinion on other matters related to the design criteria necessary for developing new-Hanok type public building model. Table 10 summarize them.
Their opinions can be categorized mainly into ‘model development plan’ and ‘activation plan’. In the number of times, 8 opinions were collected on ‘model development plan’ while 10 ones were mentioned on ‘activation plan’. of them, the opinions mentioned more than 2 times include ‘For engineering, modern architecture should be used but finish work should be done with wood’, ‘It is necessary to establish a plan for maintenance and repair, and for preventing disasters’, ‘The government should recommend and promote the construction of new-Hanok type public building and provide incentive for the construction’, and ‘The government needs to expand demonstration project and support budge for it.’
Therefore, it was found in the survey that new-Hanok type public building does not only need model development, but also implementation and activation plan to distribute and expand it.
4. Conclusion
This study was aimed to collect the experts opinions to find the considerations necessary in establishing design criteria for new-Hanok type public building model. In this respect, the present study conducted an expert opinion survey to verify and derive the key considerations of design criteria and carried out data description and qualitative analysis with the collected data. The findings are as follows.
First, there was consensus among the experts on the need of defining the concept and legal status of new-Hanok type public building. However, they made principle-level opinions on the arrangement of related laws, which is necessary to remove the ambiguity in terminology such as ‘Hanok’, ‘new Hanok’ and ‘new-Hanok type’, and to support the commercialization of new-Hanok type public building. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the limitations of the current legal system (e.g. Hanok, Etc. Architectural Asset Promotion Act, Building Act, and such) in order to develop new-Hanok type public building model and commercialize it. In addition, it is needed to provide institutional support to the parties in interest by entity (e.g. material production, facility, constriction, repair and maintenance) with incentives.
Second, as far as the design elements are concerned, the experts said that it is necessary to introduce the ‘post-lintel construction’, ‘natural ventilation and flexibility’, and ‘traditional details and transitional space’ of the DNAs of traditional architecture to new-Hanok type public building. For the elements from ‘modern architectural techniques’, they said that steel/RC/ SRC structure, new materials, and new construction engineering, energy saving architecture, spatial variability, and traditional details using modern lighting and modern materials are needed. Therefore, when new-Hanok type public building model is developed in future, the common design elements (e.g. spatial variability) considered necessary to apply to all the key dimensions (structure, functions, and esthetic beauty) should be first considered. And then, the design elements that need adopting from traditional architecture or modern architectural techniques should be used considering the purpose, composition, and system requirement of target public building in separate or integrated way.
Third, the respondents said about the typology (tentative) of new-Hanok type public building that ‘composite structureconvergence type’ and ‘composite structure-Juxtaposed type’ are the most suitable for new-Hanok type public building. However, some of them mentioned that the typology is vague. Their preference for suitable types turned to be ‘composite structure- convergence type’, ‘composite structure-juxtaposed’ and ‘wooden structure type’ in the order. However, when it is placed in consideration that new-Hanok type public building model has not yet been developed and implemented, different opinions among the experts are understandable. Since the typology is not fixed or permanent, it is worth considering it as an tentative idea helpful in developing the model of new-Hanok type public building, which is new concept, and in setting the design criteria. The details of the typology need to be made along with the systematic re-arrangement of related legal system.
Fourth, the configuration system (tentative) of new-Hanok type public building can be an important factor in preparing the design criteria for the model development. The expert opinion survey showed the emphasis on utilizing the merits of traditional architecture and supplementing its shortcomings with modern architectural techniques, performance and modern system. In particular, the experts share the common need for improving the performance of thermal insulation, soundproofing, and waterresistance for roof, wall, and window system. They also expressed the need for modularization and standardization of window, and application of modern architectural technique to storage and facility system. When these considerations are put all together, it indicates that automation-based mass production system should be established to overcome the weak performance and small quality production based on manual industry of tradition architecture so as to popularize new-Hanok type public building and design user-oriented various Hanok space. Therefore, these are important design elements to be considered in developing to new-Hanok type public building model in future.
Fifth, among opinions on other matters related to new-Hanok type public building, those on ‘model development’ can be summarized in considerations of maximizing the strengths of traditional architecture as base with modern architectural techniques (e.g. wooden finishes using modern architectural engineering, indirection expression of Hanok, and process review of Hanok style). The opinions on ‘activation plan’ includes expansion of demonstration projects, budget support, opinion convergence through public design contest, plan for repair and maintenance, and disaster prevention system after building, providing various incentives, building integrated DB, benchmarking the overseas cases of modernization of traditional architecture, recycle of traditional architecture. However, they are too broad in dimension so it is difficult to categorize into certain types. However, these opinions on other matters are worthwhile to pay attention to in developing and activating new-Hanok type public building model in future.
Only with expert opinion survey, this study has limitations to analyzing data, verifying direction to the design elements for model development, and proposing considerations and implications. However, considering the current situation in which there is no clear definition and direction to the design criteria for new-Hanok type public building, so there is little ground on which government support is provided to new-Hanok type building, this study finds itself significance in that it proposed podder to verifying the direction to design criteria for the model development. In a following research, qualitative survey as well as qualitative one needs employing to collect broader range of experts. In addition, more research and studies with overseas cases will also be necessary to compare the modernization and popularization of traditional architecture in Korea and foreign countries. It will help establish a institutional system for new-Hanok type public building.
Acknowledgments
This research is part of the outcome from 2014 funded research of Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement. Project Number: 14AUDP-B070934-02
Notes
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