KIEAE Journal
[ Research Articles ]
Journal of the Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment - Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.21-28
ISSN: 2288-968X (Print) 2288-9698 (Online)
Print publication date Feb 2016
Received 04 Jan 2016 Revised 05 Feb 2016 Accepted 12 Feb 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12813/kieae.2016.16.1.021

Variation of Energy Consumption in Barracks through Simulation by Year of Completion

Choi, Doo-Sung* ; Jeon, Hung-Chan** ; Cho, Kyun-Hyong*** ; Yoo, Jeong-Seong***
*Dept. of Building Equipment & Fire Protection System, Chungwoon Univ., South Korea trebelle@chungwoon.ac.kr
**Corresponding author, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Suwon Univ., South Korea chun4575@nate.com
***Coauthor, Dept. of Architecture, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Suwon Univ., South Korea


© Copyright Korea Institute of Ecological Architecture and Environment

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze & suggest the variation of energy consumption consequent on thermal insulation performance strengthening from early 2000s when modernization of barracks began until the present targeting a large barracks.

Method

To carry out this research, this study surveyed the standard of thermal insulation by year, which is being applied to a barracks by conducting literature search, and selected the standard model for a barracks. Also, this study analyzed energy consumption by year & region by performing simulation(ECO2)of the selected standard model.

Result

As a result, it was analyzed that in case of a building which was completed in 2015, the energy consumption for air-conditioning & heating, lighting, and hot water supply over the year 2000 reduced by 11% on the average in central district, 10% on the average in southern district, and 17% on the average in Jeju, respectively.

Keywords:

Energy consumption, Barracks, Simulation, Thermal Insulation Performance

키워드:

에너지 소요량, 군 생활관, 시뮬레이션, 단열성능

1. Introduction

1.1. Background and Purpose of Study

Recently, Korean government implements a variety of policies such as building certification system with the aim of energy saving in buildings. For military facilities, however, policy on energy saving is not established.

Barracks are integrated facilities which include quarters for soldiers and some of administrative facilities which represent high percentage of all military facilities as typical defense and military facilities. In particular, barracks are being modernized since the early 2000s and they become large as gross area increase.

Although insulation design standards are determined and insulation guidelines are proposed as they are also residential areas, study on evaluation of energy consumption or energy saving is not sufficient due to confidentiality and security of military facilities if compared with common civil buildings.

This study intends to select a standard model for barracks and analyzed the change of energy consumptions according to the change of insulation performance from the early 2000s until now.

1.2. Method of Study

This study uses the following method to calculate energy consumptions of barracks.

First, literature search is performed to investigate insulation standards applied to barracks and analyze the trend of annual change.

Second, a standard barrack model is selected for simulation by literature search and investigating the plane of barracks constructed since the early 2000s.

Third, simulation (ECO2) is performed by applying annual and regional insulation standards in order to analyze energy consumptions for the selected standard model (barracks).


2. Consideration of Relevant Regulations and Standards

2.1. Standards on National Defence and Military Facilities

Standards on defense and military facilities were established in 1969 which become the standard for barracks and as of 2014, there are 97 rules of which 57 are standards and 37 are guidelines.

Standard of heat transmission coefficient of a barracks

The change of insulation design standards for military quarters applied to barracks1) is as follows.

Building Code Article 23 Section 4, "Energy Saving in Buildings" was established in December 1975 to stipulate that measures shall be taken to prevent heat loss when building a structure and Building Code Enforcement Ordinance Article 16, "Prevention of Heat Loss in Buildings" was established to stipulate heat control method for prevention of heat loss such as structure, material and construction method of wall, ceiling and openings, which are specified by the Minister of Construction.

Standard on Heat Transmission Coefficient was established in September 1979 to stipulate that the ceiling of top floor and outer wall of residential structures shall be constructed to have less than 0.9kcal/㎡h℃, outer wall of structures other than residential ones shall be built to have less than 1.8 kcal/㎡h℃ and windows of residential structures which have contact with ambient air shall be made as double window or pair glass.

Standards on heat transmission coefficient was reinforced in December 1980 to stipulate that the outer wall of living room and the ceiling or roof of living room in top floor shall be constructed to have less than 0.5kcal/㎡h℃ of heat transmission coefficient, floor(including floor which has contact with the ambient air of living room) of living room in the bottom story shall be constructed to have less than 1.0kcal/㎡h℃ or insulated by using an insulation material of more than a half of separately specified thickness and the windows which have contact with the ambient air of living room shall be constructed to have less than 3.0kcal/㎡h℃ of heat transmission coefficient or built by using double window or pair glass.

Regions were divided into two areas of Jeju-do and other areas in December 1984. Regions were divided again into three areas of central region, southern region and Jeju-do in June 1987.

Standards on classification of insulation materials were reinforced in December 1988 and were classified as "Rules on Design Standards, etc. of Buildings" in June 1992.

Standards on energy saving design have been transferred from Building Code to Green Building Establishment Act and heat transmission coefficients were reinforced to less than 0.18~0.47 W/㎡K in October 2013 and some revisions were made in April and October 2013 and September and December 2014.

Central regions were sub-divided again into three regions in May 2014 by considering insulation conditions suitable for climate characteristics.2)

2.2. Standards on Insulation of Military Quarters

This study applied insulation standards stipulated by relevant regulations and those for military quarters. Table 1 shows standards on heat transmission coefficient of barracks based on standards on insulation of military quarters in the central region.


3. Selection of Standard Model

3.1. Analysis of Current Status of Barracks

The current status of barracks and progress of change3) were analyzed to select a simulation model for analyzing load in barracks.

one-story buildings of middle size were used before 1982 and minimum convenience facilities were installed outside. Since then, two- or three-storied integrated barracks of medium and large size were built up until early 2000s and convenience facilities such as baths, PX were placed inside the building.

Since early 2000s, squad-specific bed-type barracks of three- or four-storied large size have been built and multi-purpose hall, cyber knowledge room, space for women, etc. were expanded. It indicates that soldiers had standing lifestyles before entering the service, social infrastructure related to computer system was highly developed and the number of woman soldiers increased.

Fig. 1 shows the annual change of gross area of large barracks.

Fig. 1.

Gross area for a large barrack by year

3.2. Selection of Standard Barrack Model

In order to calculate energy consumptions by using simulation, this study uses a standard model based on large barracks which greatly increase since 2000s as shown in Fig.2.

The gross area (9,065㎡) of large barracks provided by standards on floor area of defense and military facilities was used for the size of the standard model4).(Table 2) Based on the basic modules in the reference floor, rooms were placed according to uses in each floor through vertical and horizontal zoning5) and as a result, a standard model has been selected which has 2,189㎡ of building area and 9,049㎡ of gross area as shown in Table 3.

The intensity of illumination set for each zoning6) is shown in Table 4. Ventilation has not been considered, however, as the standard7) on defense and military facilities is the same for barracks.

Table 5 and Fig. 2 show architectural surface area, floor plan and cross-sectional plan of the selected standard model.

Energy load use profile for a barracks

Fig. 2.

Floor plan & cross-sectional drawing for a barracks standard model

Zoning plan for a barracks standard model by use

Illumination applied to a barrack by use

Architectural surface area for a barracks standard model


4. Results of Analysis

This study uses ECO2 by considering calculation of energy consumption and total load, possibility of simulation in locations where barracks are located, provision and compatibility of climate data and use of easy of military officials.

We selected five central regions (Seoul, Incheon, Wonju, Chuncheon and Cheongju), seven southern regions (Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Gangneung, Jeonju and Mokpo) and Jeju for which climate data is provided as specified in the Operational Rule of Building Energy Efficiency Certification System as the regions for analysis.

4.1. Results of Analysis on Annual Energy Consumption According to Regions

Energy consumption simulation was performed for the regional, standard barracks model according to the change of insulation standards.

Among heating, cooling, hot water and lighting, energy consumptions for hot water and lighting were calculated to be 20.6kWh/㎡·y and 22.7kWh/㎡·y, respectively. It is the result from the analysis of simulation modeling according to use zoning where residence type of barracks and use characteristics of each room such as administrative facilities and support facilities are reflected.

Energy consumptions of each region were changed by heating and cooling and Table 6 shows the results.

According to the results from analysis of energy consumptions of the standard model by applying the standard as of 2000, the barracks model of Chuncheon showed the highest vale (126.6kWh/ ㎡·y) and that of Incheon showed the lowest value (114.6kWh/ ㎡·y) in the central region. The barracks model of Daejeon showed the highest value (120.0kWh/㎡·y) and that of Busan showed the lowest value (97.2kWh/㎡·y) in the southern region. Barracks model of Jeju resulted in 109.5kWh/㎡·y.

According to the results from analysis of energy consumptions of the standard model by applying the standard as of 2005, the barracks model of Chuncheon showed the highest vale (125.7kWh/ ㎡·y) and that of Incheon showed the lowest value (113.8kWh/ ㎡·y) in the central region. The barracks model of Daejeon showed the highest value (119.4kWh/㎡·y) and that of Busan showed the lowest value (96.9kWh/㎡·y) in the southern region. Barracks model of Jeju resulted in 100.3kWh/㎡·y.

According to the results from analysis of energy consumptions of the standard model by applying the standard as of 2008, the barracks model of Chuncheon showed the highest vale (123.6kWh/ ㎡·y) and that of Incheon showed the lowest value (112.1kWh/ ㎡·y) in the central region. The barracks model of Daejeon showed the highest value (106.5kWh/㎡·y) and that of Busan showed the lowest value (95.9kWh/㎡·y) in the southern region. Barracks model of Jeju resulted in 98.3kWh/㎡·y.

According to the results from analysis of energy consumptions of the standard model by applying the standard as of 2010, the barracks model of Chuncheon showed the highest vale (115.8kWh/ ㎡·y) and that of Incheon showed the lowest value (105.6kWh/ ㎡·y) in the central region. The barracks model of Daejeon showed the highest value (109.9kWh/㎡·y) and that of Busan showed the lowest value (91.1kWh/㎡·y) in the southern region. Barracks model of Jeju resulted in 92.9kWh/㎡·y.

According to the results from analysis of energy consumptions of the standard model by applying the standard as of 2015, the barracks model of Chuncheon showed the highest vale (111.4kWh/ ㎡·y) and that of Incheon showed the lowest value (102.1kWh/ ㎡·y) in the central region. The barracks model of Daejeon showed the highest value (106.5kWh/㎡·y) and that of Busan showed the lowest value (88.8kWh/㎡·y) in the southern region. Barracks model of Jeju resulted in 90.9kWh/㎡·y.

The results of regional energy consumption simulation indicate that Chuncheon has the highest energy consumption and Busan has the lowest energy consumption. Jeju-do showed higher energy consumption than Busan although it is located in a region with lower latitude.

4.2. Results of Analysis on Monthly Energy Consumption According to Regions

As energy consumptions for how water and lighting are found to be identical, monthly energy consumptions for heating and cooling of each region are calculated and shown in Fig. 3.

According to the results, energy consumptions for heating of each region tend to decrease 24% and 43% on average in the central and southern region, respectively as insulation conditions are reinforced from 2000 to 2015. On the contrary, energy consumptions for cooling increased 13%, 5% and 12% on average in the central and southern regions and Jeju-do, respectively.

Based on the buildings completed in 2015, energy consumptions for cooling and heating decreased 21%, 17% and 28% on average in the central and southern regions and Jeju-do, respectively compared with those in 2000 and if lighting and hot water loads are considered, 11%, 10% and 17% of energy consumptions decreased on average in the central and southern regions and Jeju-do, respectively.

Analysis result of regional energy consumption consequent on change in thermal insulation standard(kWh/㎡·y)

Fig. 3.

Monthly energy consumption for heating & air-conditioning


5. Conclusion

This study analyzed and quantified the change of energy consumptions according to the reinforcement of insulation conditions from early 2000s where the modernization of large barracks started until now.

The results of this study are summarized as follows.

1) Based on the standard model, insulation conditions from 2000 to 2015 were applied and simulation program (ECO2) was used to calculate energy consumptions of five central regions (Seoul, Incheon, Wonju, Chuncheon and Cheongju), seven southern regions (Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Gangneung, Jeonju and Mokpo) and Jeju-do. Energy consumptions for hot water and lighting of each region were calculated to be 20.6kWh/㎡·y and 22.7kWh/㎡·y, respectively, according to energy consumptions for cooling and heating, Chuncheon showed the highest value and Busan had the lowest value. Jeju-do showed higher energy consumptions than Busan although it is located in a region with lower latitude.

2) Based on the buildings completed in 2015, energy consumptions for cooling and heating decreased 21%, 17% and 28% on average in the central and southern regions and Jeju-do, respectively compared with those in 2000 and if lighting and hot water loads are considered, 11%, 10% and 17% of energy consumptions decreased on average in the central and southern regions and Jeju-do, respectively.

This study was performed to provide basic data for energy remodeling study according to completion years as the time arrives to repair large barracks which have been constructed since early 2000s. Further study will be performed on optimum energy remodeling in consideration of economy and environment friendliness based on this study.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOE) (NRF-2011-0017656)

Notes

1) Defense Installations Agency, A Study on Efficient Thermal Insulation Design Plan in the light of Regional Characteristics of a Military Camp, Defense Installations Agency, 2014
2) Ministry of National Defense, National defense & Military Facility Standard DMFC 4-20-50 Thermal Insulation Standard of Military Housing Facility(2014.5.22., established), Ministry of National Defense, 2014
3) Ministry of National Defense, National Defense & Military Facilities Design Collection, Ministry of National Defense, 2009
4) Ministry of National Defense, National defense & Military Facility Standard DMFC 3-30-10 Building Area Standard(2014.8.1., revised), Ministry of National Defense, 2014
5) Ministry of National Defense, National defense & Military Facility Standard DMFC 5-10-10 Residence Hall Design Guidelines(2014.4.1., revised), Ministry of National Defense, 2014
6) Ministry of National Defense, National defense & Military Facility Standard DMFC 4-40-40 Lighting & Electric Heat Equipment Design Criteria(2013.7.25., revised), Ministry of National Defense, 2014
7) Ministry of National Defense, National defense & Military Facility Standard DMFC 4-30-10 Air-conditioning Equipment Design Criteria(2014.1.2., revised), Ministry of National Defense, 2014

References

  • 국방시설본부, “군부대의 지역적 특성을 고려한 효율적인 단열 설계방안 연구”, 국방시설본부, (2014).
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Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.
Gross area for a large barrack by year

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.
Floor plan & cross-sectional drawing for a barracks standard model

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.
Monthly energy consumption for heating & air-conditioning

Table 1.

Standard of heat transmission coefficient of a barracks

Division Region Heat transmission coefficient(W/㎡K)
1979 1980 1984 1987 2001 2008 2010 2013.9 2013.10 2015
1) Central region 1 : Seoul, Incheon(Including Baengnyeongdo), Gyeonggi(Suwon, Hwaseong, Anseong, Osan, Pyeongtaek, Siheung, Guri, Seongnam, Gwacheon, Icheon, Uijeongbu, Goyang, Ansan, Yeoju, Yongin, Yangpyeong, Gimpo, Bucheon, Anyang), Gangwon(Wonju, Hoengseong), Chungbuk(Cheongju, Cheongwon, Chungju, Boeun, Goesan, Okcheon, Jeungpyeong, Danyang, Jincheon), Chungnam(Cheonan), Gyeongbuk(Cheongsong), Gwangju
2) Central region 2 : Gyeonggi(Dongducheon, Paju, Gapyeong, Namyangju, Yangju, Pocheon, Yeoncheon), Gangwon(Chuncheon, Yeongwol, Inje, Hongcheon), Chungbuk(Jecheon, Eumseong), Pocheon(Excluding Yeongbuk)
3) Central region 3 : Gangwon(Cheorwon, Taebaek, Hwacheon, Hoengseong, Jeongseon, Yanggu, Pyeongchang), Pocheon(Yeongbuk), Excluding Hoengseong
Exterior wall Case of directly facing the open air Central region 3 1.05 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.47 0.47 0.36 0.27 0.27 0.20
Central region 2 0.24
Central region 1 0.27
Southern region 1.05 0.58 0.58 0.76 0.58 0.58 0.45 0.34 0.34 0.34
Jeju 1.05 0.58 1.16 1.16 0.76 0.76 0.58 0.44 0.44 0.44
Case of indirectly facing the open air Central region 3 1.05 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.64 0.64 0.49 0.37 0.37 0.27
Central region 2 0.32
Central region 1 0.37
Southern region 1.05 0.58 0.58 0.76 0.81 0.81 0.63 0.48 0.48 0.48
Jeju 1.05 0.58 1.16 1.16 1.10 1.10 0.85 0.64 0.64 0.64
Roof of the top floor Case of directly facing the open air Central region 3 1.05 0.58 0.58 0.41 0.29 0.29 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.17
Central region 2 0.18
Central region 1 0.18
Southern region 1.05 0.58 0.58 0.52 0.35 0.35 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.22
Jeju 1.05 0.58 1.16 0.76 0.41 0.41 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28
Lowest floor Non-heating indirectly facing an open air Central region 3 1.74 1.16 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.41 0.41 0.39
Central region 2 0.40
Central region 1 0.41
Southern region 1.74 1.16 0.58 0.76 0.64 0.64 0.58 0.41 0.47 0.47
Jeju 1.74 1.16 1.16 1.16 0.76 0.76 0.58 0.41 0.55 0.55
Window & Door in case of the rest of an apartment directly facing the open air Central region 3 3.49 3.49 3.49 3.37 3.84 3.40 2.40 2.10 2.10 1.65
Central region 2 1.87
Central region 1 2.10
Southern region 3.49 3.49 3.49 3.60 4.19 3.80 2.70 2.40 2.40 2.40
Jeju 3.49 3.49 3.49 5.81 5.23 4.40 3.40 3.00 3.00 3.00

Table 2.

Energy load use profile for a barracks

Room name Military facilities standard (㎡) Use profile
Total 9,065 -
Living space 3,213 Living space
Medical office 240
Private office(1) 17 Small office
Private office(2) 100
Private office(3) 17
Private office(4) 45 Large office
Office(1) 131
Office(2) 243
Meeting room 50 Meeting room
Officer room 270
Counseling office 75
PC room 224
Command and control center 51
Operating room 60
Classified document room 7 Reading room (library)
Library 66
Toilet 231 Toilet, Shower room, etc.
Wash room 124
Laundry room 36
Laundry room 40
Laundry room 36
Drying room 41
Shower room 106
Fitting room(shower) 45
Bathhouse 36
Fitting room(Bathhouse) 23
Bathhouse(bath) 7
Military boots wash room 84
Sewing room 65
Lounge 83 Lounge, Gym, etc.
Table tennis room 27
Billiard room 31
Gym 125
Woman convenience facility 21
Barbershop(soldier) 61
Barbershop(officer) 34
PX 150
Multi-purpose auditorium 535
Area of common use space 2,061 Hall, Lobby, Corridor, Stair hall, etc.
Supply room 61 Storehouse, Machine Room, etc.
Storehouse 61
Machine room 134

Table 3.

Zoning plan for a barracks standard model by use

Division Total (㎡) B1 (㎡) 1F (㎡) 2F (㎡) 3F (㎡) 4F (㎡)
Living space 3,440 226 1,072 1,072 1,072
Small office 168 42 42 42 42
Large office 618 366 84 84 84
Meeting room 902 118 281 168 168 168
Reading room (library) 84 84
Toilet, Shower room, etc. 840 210 210 210 210
Lounge, Gym, etc. 899 395 168 168 168
Hall, Lobby, Corridor, Stair hall, etc. 1,896 59 502 445 445 445
Storehouse, Machine Room, etc. 202 118 84
Total 9,049 294 2,189 2,189 2,189 2,189

Table 4.

Illumination applied to a barrack by use

Division Illumination standard (Lx) Illumination plan (Lx)
Living space 200 ~ 300 250
Small office 300 ~ 500 400
Large office 300 ~ 500 400
Meeting room 300 ~ 500 400
Reading room (library) 300 ~ 500 400
Toilet, Shower room, etc. 100 ~ 200 150
Lounge, Gym, etc. 150 ~ 300 200
Hall, Lobby, Corridor, Stair hall, etc. 100 ~ 200 150
Storehouse, Machine Room, etc. 100 ~ 150 150

Table 5.

Architectural surface area for a barracks standard model

Division Area(㎡)
Window 832
Roof of the top floor 2,189
Lowest floor 2,189
Exterior wall (Case of directly facing the open air ) 3,005
Underground Wall (Case of indirectly facing the open air) 430

Table 6.

Analysis result of regional energy consumption consequent on change in thermal insulation standard(kWh/㎡·y)

Region 2000 2005 2008 2010 2015
He ati ng Co oli ng Hot wa ter lig hti ng To tal He ati ng Co oli ng Hot wa ter lig hti ng To tal He ati ng Co oli ng Hot wa ter lig hti ng To tal He ati ng Co oli ng Hot wa ter lig hti ng To tal He ati ng Co oli ng Hot wa ter lig hti ng To tal
Central region Seoul 59.6 14.9 20.6 22.7 117.8 58.9 14.8 20.6 22.7 117.0 56.8 15.1 20.6 22.7 115.2 49.4 15.9 20.6 22.7 108.6 45.2 16.4 20.6 22.7 104.9
Incheon 59.6 11.7 20.6 22.7 114.6 58.9 11.6 20.6 22.7 113.8 56.9 11.9 20.6 22.7 112.1 49.3 13.0 20.6 22.7 105.6 45.1 13.7 20.6 22.7 102.1
Wonju 68.1 12.8 20.6 22.7 124.2 67.3 12.7 20.6 22.7 123.2 65.0 12.9 20.6 22.7 121.2 56.6 13.9 20.6 22.7 113.8 51.9 14.5 20.6 22.7 109.7
Chuncheon 70.9 12.5 20.6 22.7 126.6 70.0 12.3 20.6 22.7 125.7 67.7 12.6 20.6 22.7 123.6 59.0 13.5 20.6 22.7 115.8 54.0 14.1 20.6 22.7 111.4
Cheongju 58.6 15.7 20.6 22.7 117.6 57.9 15.6 20.6 22.7 116.7 55.8 15.8 20.6 22.7 114.9 48.4 16.7 20.6 22.7 108.4 44.2 17.3 20.6 22.7 104.8
Southern region Busan 39.2 14.8 20.6 22.7 97.2 38.8 14.8 20.6 22.7 96.9 37.6 15.1 20.6 22.7 95.9 31.4 16.4 20.6 22.7 91.1 29.7 15.8 20.6 22.7 88.8
Daegu 48.6 16.8 20.6 22.7 108.7 48.2 16.7 20.6 22.7 108.2 46.7 17.0 20.6 22.7 107.0 39.4 18.1 20.6 22.7 100.8 37.1 17.4 20.6 22.7 97.8
Daejeon 60.4 16.3 20.6 22.7 120.0 59.9 16.2 20.6 22.7 119.4 58.1 16.4 20.6 22.7 117.9 49.3 17.4 20.6 22.7 109.9 46.5 16.7 20.6 22.7 106.5
Gwangju 49.3 17.3 20.6 22.7 109.9 48.9 17.3 20.6 22.7 109.5 47.4 17.5 20.6 22.7 108.2 40.0 18.7 20.6 22.7 101.9 37.7 17.9 20.6 22.7 98.9
Gangneung 51.9 11.6 20.6 22.7 106.8 51.5 11.6 20.6 22.7 106.4 49.9 11.9 20.6 22.7 105.1 42.1 13.4 20.6 22.7 98.8 39.8 12.9 20.6 22.7 96.0
Jeonju 57.0 17.8 20.6 22.7 118.2 56.5 17.8 20.6 22.7 117.6 54.9 18.0 20.6 22.7 116.1 46.5 18.9 20.6 22.7 108.7 43.8 18.1 20.6 22.7 105.2
Mokpo 46.1 16.5 20.6 22.7 105.8 45.7 16.4 20.6 22.7 105.4 44.2 16.7 20.6 22.7 104.2 37.3 18.0 20.6 22.7 98.6 35.2 17.2 20.6 22.7 95.7
Jeju Jeju 48.3 17.9 20.6 22.7 109.5 38.7 18.3 20.6 22.7 100.3 36.3 18.7 20.6 22.7 98.3 30.1 19.5 20.6 22.7 92.9 27.5 20.1 20.6 22.7 90.9