The Architectural Characteristics of Usage through Case Analysis of New Han-Ok Style Public Buildings

1.1. Background and purpose of research

Since the 2000s, key words about health such as ecofriendliness and well-being have become social trends and the demand for Han-Ok has increased and it has been expanded to the whole building business. And as the public buildings have begun to attract attention as a means to promote and spread the traditional beauty of the Han-Ok, the support, encouragement and research of the Han-Ok have been activated under the government initiative. The government and local governments are also actively engaged in activities about Han-Ok such as the establishment of laws and regulations related with Han-Ok , the establishment of Han-Ok village, and the restoration of traditional Han-Ok village.

Currently under the supervision of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, there is a 3rd stage research on the development of Han-Ok technology and the research¹⁾[1] is proceeding in parallel with the demonstration construction. This is a study to build and verify a new type of public building suitable for today's needs by solving the problems of Han-Ok which is not suitable for modern life and high construction cost by modern building technology and main the merit of Han-Ok. This contributes to the propagation and spread of Han-Ok public buildings in the future. In the previous second phase of the research, small and medium sized New Han-Ok style smallscale public buildings such as day care center, exhibition facilities and town hall have already been established. We have developed various construction technologies and reduced costs and verified the possibility of combining traditional Han-Ok and modern architecture. In the third stage, research is underway to establish various spaces, auditoriums, and libraries for the social welfare facilities that are needed. Through this, we plan to develop hi technical and design technologies to realize the construction of large-scale public buildings that can meet various social demands in the future. To do this, a case study on Han-Ok -style social welfare facilities and existing Han-Ok and New Han Ok buildings directly related to the third stage research is needed. Through this, it is necessary to review the matters and applicable technologies to be considered in the design and construction stage of the new Han-Ok style social welfare facilities in the future. Therefore, this study comprehensively reviews the various Han-Ok and New Han-Ok buildings that have already been verified nationwide. Based on this, we will extract the design and construction technology applicable to the New Han-Ok style social welfare facilities and utilize it as useful data applicable to the actual design and construction stage.

1.2. Method and scope of research

This study reviews the related literature and preliminary studies of New Han-Ok style public buildings²⁾ [2] and reviews the direction of current research progress. Then, we conduct a case study analysis of the New Han-Ok style public buildings. After classifying the use and characteristics of each case, representative cases were extracted and analyzed in detail. We analyze the advantages and disadvantages of representative cases of New Han-Ok style public buildings by use and through this, we propose the continuous and applicable way of future research.

After reconstructing the scope of the case study of the New Han-Ok style public building, we will analyze the case in connection with the case study of the second stage of Han-Ok technology development project³⁾ [1]. We analyze the merits and disadvantages of the case of merging Han-Ok and modern buildings after extracting six representative examples that most closely match the elements and concepts of New Han-Ok style public buildings. And we want to analyze the commonness and difference of structure, function and beauty of six cases.

1.3. Review of advanced research

At AURI, the research was divided into cultural properties, authentic Han-Ok and new Han-Ok, and Han-Ok style architecture and progressed[3]. Since 2014, research on Han-Ok has been actively conducted mainly in residential areas. The research on New Han-Ok style public buildings has been activated since it was conducted as part of the second stage of the Han-Ok technology development project in 2014.

Park Min-young (2014) applied the trends extracted from the architectural elements of traditional and contemporary architecture to the cases, and suggested the design elements after analyzing them. Park, Joon-young (2014) set the complex planning standard for the wooden structure and modern structure of New Han-Ok style public building after extracting genetic factors of Han-Ok. Kim, Young-hoon (2015) analyzed the case analysis of New Han-Ok style public buildings only in the day care center. Park, Joon-young (2016) suggested problems and future directions through the investigation of experts' opinions after the analysis of related laws and systems to revitalize New Han-Ok style public buildings. Park, Joon-young (2017) extracted the necessary performance of traditional architecture, modern architecture, and public architecture and proposes a complex type plan standard. Seo, Jung-seung (2017) proposed problems, improvement and research methods for the overall process management for three New Han-Ok style public buildings which have been proven by Han-Ok technology development research. Kim, Young-Hoon (2015) analyzed the R & D application factors, focusing on the Sunchang daycare center, reviewed the limitations of technology application, and suggested ways to improve the technology and structure development of public buildings in the future. Park, Joon-young (2015) conducted a questionnaire survey of experts on the development of the New Han-Ok style public building model, presented the model development and planning standards based on the survey, and suggested future directions for improvement. Kim, Young-Hoon (2017) examined the technologies presented in the existing research and the applied technology in the field of three New Han-Ok public buildings that were constructed.

Table 1

New Han-Ok Style public building related research

In this paper, we propose an effective construction technique other than the traditional method in demonstration of field application technology. Advanced studies related to New Han-Ok style public buildings have been active since 2014, but they are focused on planning standards and basic research based on laws and case studies and research on characterization of space and appearance according to the use of each case has not progressed sufficiently

2.1. Scope of the case survey of New Han-Ok style pubic buildings

In order to classify the case studies of New Han-Ok style public buildings, we applied the method[4] applied to case studies in existing researches. New Han-Ok style public buildings have great features such as reduction of construction cost, securing of structural performance, and succession of genetic inheritance of Han-Ok. Therefore, there was a need to add harmony with modern structures other than the introduction of traditional elements such as Korean tableware and traditional wooden structures to the case study. New Han-Ok style public buildings are frequently used by citizens and are frequently exposed, therefore, it is important for citizens to recognize the image of Han-Ok.

The shape of the exterior included the reproduction of the roof structure using concrete, steel, etc. instead of the roof structure using the existing wood of the traditional Han-Ok. In addition to the roof structure using traditional tile tiles, all tile shapes including modified tiles, plastic tiles, and bronze tiles were included. In addition to the architectural form using the traditional wooden structure, it includes all forms using the reinforced concrete structure and the steel structure. In the existing Han-Ok, the range is limited to the Noble Han-Ok form because it is familiar with the Noble Han-Ok type, not normal traditional house, including thatched house and low cost house. As a public building, it was examined whether the building was operated under the control of the government or the local government, maintenance and repair were carried out, and whether free access to citizens such as communication and exchange with the citizen was being carried out. The case study included not only the Han-Ok form from the planning to the construction of the existing building but also the building which continued use through the extension and renovation of the traditional and modern structure. <Table2 contents>

Table 2

Additional categories for case study of New Han-Ok Style public building

2.2. New Han-Ok style public building case

A total of 36 cases of New Han-Ok style public buildings were classified into 38 cases due to the fact that the characteristics of the buildings include two or more uses. New Han-Ok style public architecture has the advantage that the size and shape of the building can be designed more widely than traditional Han-Ok because of the combination of modern structure and wooden structure. As a result, the need to adopt the form of Han-Ok that appears due to the climate of the region has been reduced, and the characteristics of the buildings in each region have become very similar. Due to the characteristics of the pubic building, the appearance of the building, the structure of the room, and the main features are different according to the changes of the main users. Therefore, a case study was conducted focusing on the application.<Contents of Table3>

Table 3

New Hanok Style Public building classification by use

2.3. Classification of New Han-Ok style Public Buildings by Use

There are a total of 27 architectural uses, of which 10 are examples of New Han-Ok style public buildings. Due to the various functions and elements of each building, cases of overlapping use were included for each use. There were a lot of day care center in the young and old facilities, and modern architecture and traditional wooden structure were combined. These utilize the traditional wooden structure as the main space and the reinforced concrete as the auxiliary space.

Cultural and assembly facilities use reinforced concrete structure and tried to apply and harmonize engineering wood and modern materials in addition to traditional wood for securing large space and structural safety. Reinforced concrete structure was used as an auxiliary space and modern analysis to tradition was carried out through traditional wood structure + modern materials. Traditional wooden structures, traditional pottery and other traditional materials were used for the building.

The work facility formed a large work space through the use of modern materials such as reinforced concrete structure, and formed a free internal room space using the reinforced concrete structure. It attempted to visualize the Han-Ok through the construction of Han-Ok form outside and tried to visualize the Han-Ok through the use of soil tiles, bonze tiles, and tiles of various materials.

The first kind of neighborhood living facilities inherited the traditional design through the traditional material finishing on the modern structure, and made the modern structure large according to the characteristics of the use and tried traditional culture through modern painting and soil tile.

The second kind of neighborhood living facilities utilized various visuals of Han-Ok, traditional Han-Ok, wooden structure and modern structure and tried various Han-Ok.

The cemetery related facilities formed a large-scale space utilizing modern structures to expand funeral and graveyard facilities, and attempted to inherit the Beauty of Han-Ok through harmony of modern structure and soil tile.

The educational research facility has a traditional wooden structure, and the interior has a modern finishing material that enhances the ease of use of the building. It attempted to harmonize contemporary and traditional with contemporary materials for exterior windows.

The accommodation structure maintains the specific structure ratio of the traditional wooden structure, and the user convenience is increased through the connection of the indoor toilet and the kitchen. The tourism and rest facilities harmonize traditional cultural assets with modern structures and traditional materials, and secured space for cultural property protection and publicity through the formation of modern buildings. The single-family house formed an experience space through maintenance and repair of traditional Han-Ok and promoted the continuous use of the building through cultural property management.

3.1. Selection of representative example of New Han-Ok style public buildings by use

In-depth analysis was conducted on representative examples of New Han-Ok style public buildings by use and the evaluation criteria were reconstructed by referring to the contents and standards of public buildings, which were conducted in the second stage of Han-Ok technology development research. The analysis standard was set up by introducing the concept of extracting the traditional factor inheriting the structure, function and beauty of the traditional Han-Ok which is the basic concept of New Han-Ok.

As for the structure, the main evaluation factor was whether the combination of traditional, New Han-Ok, and modern architectural structure increased economy, construction and safety. As for the function, main evaluation factor was whether it meets the user's performance according to the mix of the tradition, the modern and the future, the age, the use and the future outlook and fusion with modern architecture, smart technology, and the Han-Ok's unique variable and ecological space was utilized. As for the beauty, the main evaluation factor was whether New Han-Ok combined traditional, modern and futuristic beauty, succeeding tradition by space, proportional, exterior and facade composition and attempt new design reflecting modern design elements. The acquisition of drawings through the internet, company, administrative and management departments also served as an evaluation factor for the selection of representative cases. <Table 4 Contents>

Table 4

Establish analytical criteria for case studies

According to the criteria of Table 4, the case evaluation was classified into Very good, good, average and bad according to the analysis standard. According to the evaluation factors, 6 representative cases were selected as Surak Hanok daycare center (1), Heungcheon daycare center (3), Seoul Donhwamun Traditional Theater (4), The Lee sang House(8), Cheongun Munhak Library (9), Institute of Gongju Studies (30).

Table 5

New Han-Ok Style public building related research

Surak Hanok daycare center is located at 131, Suraksan-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul and has been commissioned to the Sejong Center and completed in March 2016.

Heungcheon daycare center is located at 29, Heungcheonsagil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul. It is managed by Seongbuk-gu Office and completed in February 2015.

Seoul Donhwamun Traditional Theater is located in 102, Yulgok-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, and is managed by Seoul Metropolitan Government and completed in March 2016.

The Lee sang House is located at 18, Jahamun-ro 7-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul and has been remodeled and enlarged in February 2014 under the supervision of the Arumjigi Foundation.

Cheongun Munhak Library is located at 40, Jahamun-ro 36-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul, and is managed by Jongno-gu Office and completed in November 2014.

Institute of Gongju Studies is located at 56, Gongjudaehak-ro, Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do. It was managed by Gongju City Hall and Kongju University and completed in February 2015. The detailed summary is shown in <Table 6>.

Table 6

New Han-Ok Style public building representative case research

3.2. Analysis of Representative Case

A detailed analysis of the architectural outline and reference elements of each building was conducted in the representative cases of the New Han-Ok style public buildings evaluated in <Table5> and the advantages and disadvantages of the examples of characteristics and synthesis is analyzed. <Table 6> shows the detailed analysis of each building element.

As a representative example of the young and old facility, the structural element of the Surak Hanok daycare center is a combination of modern elements such as reinforced concrete and other steel structures and Korean traditional wooden structure. The 1st floor and 1st floor of the ground were stable using reinforced concrete structure and exposed and other steel structures were used to form a storage space and windshield space at the entrance. Functional elements are composed of Korean style, system, and general window, and modern space and traditional space are harmonious and there is a play space using a slope way. The facility and the necessary space are designed to be made through the formation of the space in the reinforced concrete, and under the piloti structure is used as the inner yard. The beauty elements have been utilized in traditional wood structures, allowing the guests to share the traditional beauty of the area, and have increased traditional beauty through the use of broken roof tile, granite and fence finishing materials.. Under the Piloti, a yard which was one of the traditional elements of Han-Ok was formed. However, due to the characteristics of the Han-Ok, there was a shortage of storage space and a disadvantage that the risk of injury to users was increased due to the use of traditional structures.

As a representative example of an old-age facility, the structural element of the Heungcheon daycare center is a combination of modern element, reinforced concrete, and Korean traditional wooden structure. Through the use of the underground reinforced concrete structure, the hill was used as a slope way and the yard space was formed. Functional elements are composed of Korean style, system, and general window and the space required for the building was secured through the large space of the reinforced concrete structure and internal privacy was secured through the fence on the slab on the first floor. The use of traditional wood structure has increased the main user’s usability of traditional beauty and increased the traditional beauty of the whole building through concrete, broken roof tile, granite and fence finishing material. The ground slab, fence, and underground fence formed the yard. However, there was a disadvantage that the view of the outside was cut off in the yard through the creation of the fence and the risk of injury of the users due to the use of the traditional structure was increased.

As a representative example of culture and assembly facilities, the structural element of the Seoul Donhwamun Traditional Theater is a combination of reinforced concrete, which is a modern element of construction, and Korean traditional wooden structure, which is a traditional element. Through the underground floor reinforced concrete structure, the ground Han-Ok structure was highlighted and the ground and underground gardens were formed through the formation of the underground floor. Functional elements consist of modern machinery, Korean style, and system windows and functional rooms are separately constructed in the underground floor, and the exhibition room and the performance hall are formed through the internal space, and the central sunken is formed in the inner yard to increase the ventilation and skylight rate. The beauty element reflects the characteristics of the Han-Ok through traditional tableware and the use of a wall. It uses traditional finishing materials and forms a floor inside the building through the formation of a broken roof tile fence and upper floor and forms a traditional type inner courtyard through the arrangement of a ㅁ-shaped building. However, there is a disconnection between the yard and the outside using the ㅁ - shaped building type. Not only the users also main users: program management personnel in the building and management personnel have a disadvantage in living in a modern structure.

As a representative example of culture and assembly facilities, the structural element of the Lee sang house combines the modern element of reinforced concrete with the traditional element of Korean wooden structure. After maintaining and repairing existing Han-Ok, we connected with modern structure and remodeled without damaging existing structure. The functional elements are composed of only general windows and divided the area of modern space and traditional space. After removing the existing window frame and lintel, the whole glass window was formed to increase the effect on the use of the building and to build a small courtyard by building expansion. The beauty element was harmonized with traditional Korean house such as whole glass window and concrete using soil tile. Maintaining the existing beauty elements and forming the courtyard through concrete expansion. However, enlargement through preservation of existing Han-Ok has a disadvantage that the actual space used is narrow and the heterogeneity of the connection with Han-Ok is maximized due to the modern construction.

As a representative example of the first kind of neighborhood living facilities, the structural element of the Cheongun Munhak Library combines the modern element of reinforced concrete with the traditional element of Korean - style wooden structure. Reinforced concrete was used in the underground floor to ensure structural stability and underground concrete was used as the foundation of Han-Ok. Functional elements are mixed use of Korean style window and general window, and the reinforced concrete structure of the slope is used to form the yard and sunken, and the space area of the Han-Ok and the modern building is separated. Beauty element uses traditional Korean style tile. It uses the broken roof tile of reinforced concrete, whole brick flooring, base, foundation and cornerstone to inherit traditional beauty and form a terrace through a simple fence in the underground. However, due to the inclined structure of reinforced concrete, and there is a lack of connectivity to the space of Han-Ok and modern architecture.

As a representative example of educational research facilities, Institute of Gongju Studies has formed a two - story structure through the traditional wooden structure mixing method and stabilized the building structure through the concrete foundation. Functional elements are mixed use of Korean style window system and general windows, large space is built in the building, modern machinery is installed, and a roof rest space is formed in the second floor space. Beauty elements are used with traditional Korean tableware, traditional materials are used for interior finishing materials, and traditional Han-Ok elements such as base, foundation and cornerstone are inherited. Han-Ok’s traditional techniques and traditional whole brick, lintel are used to highlight traditional beauty. However, there is a disadvantage in that it does not use a modern structure except for the foundation and lacks of space expansion and implementation according to the use purpose compared to a modern building. Table 7 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each representative case.

Table 7

Pros and Cons of Representative cases

Table 6 shows the structure, function, and beauty elements in six representative cases, and common points and differences were extracted. In common, the structural element is the combination of reinforced concrete and Korean wooden structure and the use of concrete foundation of modern construction. The functional elements are the use of Korean style windows and system windows, the use of modern mechanical equipment, the formation of yard or rest area to maintain the traditional relaxation function, and the necessary room for each use of the building is constructed as a wooden structure. the beauty element is that it uses a traditional wooden structure, uses a traditional Korean tile, and inherits the appearance using the foundation and the cornerstone.

The difference is that the structural element is to utilize other steel structures or to form a space with concrete layer when used in a slope way and remodeling the existing Han-Ok and than the characteristics of each building is rising. Functional elements are the use of general windows, Korean style windows and system windows in harmony, the formation of large spaces according to the needs of the building, the formation of the inner courtyard, and the formation of resting spaces and leisure spaces in various forms such as inner and outer courts. The Beauty element transforms the design of a building by constructing each part of the building with a traditional or modern finishing material and it is expressed differently depending on the use of the fence and the size of the fence.

Table 8

Common and Differences of Representative cases

Table 9 summarizes the analysis of the structural elements, functions, and beauty elements extracted from the detailed case analysis. The structure can be variously configured according to the type classification of New Han-Ok style public buildings. In addition to the traditional building technology, the basic and major structural parts should utilize modern building technology. The function should utilize a natural system such as floor heating system, wind road, etc., and use a lifting window to use variable wall system, and use a storage system such as closet, hook, loft, and modern machinery to improve performance. The rooms of the traditional Han-Ok can be planned for modern or traditional use, and the exterior space design such as the traditional garden or fence should be applied. In order to create a large-scale space as a public building, each private room should be planned so that the space can be varied in future. Beauty uses trees, dirt, and stones to make buildings and fences. When building roofs, it uses Korean trowel, thatched roof, shingle, etc. and uses modern building materials according to size and usage. It should be used positively without regulation.

Table 9

Applicable Elements derived from Case study Analysis

Using natural materials, it is necessary to maintain the line so that it is low in human scale with flexible curves such as ridge line and eaves, and conforms to the surrounding terrain. It has a certain frame, but it should be designed to fit the Human Scale with irregular proportions, no rules set, and body proportions applied. And it is necessary to borrow traditional methods such as checkered ceiling and lotus lantern ceiling, and plan ceilings that mix modern and traditional methods. In order to secure modern livability, it is necessary to plan the window by mixing system, Korean style, and general windows as well as traditional Korean style windows.